Perfil epidemiológico de pacientes com diagnóstico de carcinoma broncogênico atendidos em uma unidade de alta complexidade em oncologia / Epidemiological profile of patients diagnosed with bronchogenic carcinoma seen in a high complexity oncology unit

Introdução: No Brasil, o carcinoma broncogênico é o segundo tipo de câncer de maior incidência em homens e o quarto tipo de câncer de maior incidência em mulheres. É a principal causa de mortalidade por câncer no país. O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes com diagnóstico de carcinoma broncogênico atendidos em uma unidade de alta complexidade em oncologia. Métodos: Estudo observacional descritivo, retrospectivo, com coleta de dados secundários e de abordagem quantitativa. A pesquisa foi aplicada em uma unidade de alta complexidade em oncologia de um hospital de uma cidade do extremo-sul catarinense, através de prontuários eletrônicos. A coleta foi composta por 90 atendimentos no período de janeiro de 2015 a dezembro de 2017. Foram inclusos na amostra todos os pacientes com tumores broncogênicos malignos com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos, e foram exclusos 14 pacientes com prontuários incompletos. Resultados: A média de idade ao diagnóstico foi 62,39 ± 10,53 anos. Houve discreto predomínio no sexo masculino (58,9%). O tabagismo foi verificado em 78,9% dos pacientes, com uma mediana de 40,0 maços/ano. Como método diagnóstico, observou-se a maior realização de biópsia percutânea orientada por TC em 58,9% dos casos. Em relação aos tipos histológicos, 54,4% apresentaram adenocarcinoma. O estágio mais prevalente foi o IVA (42,2%). Conclusão: São de extrema importância métodos de rastreamento e diagnóstico precoce da neoplasia, bem como encorajar os pacientes ao abandono do tabagismo, a fim de reduzir sua incidência e mortalidade.

Introduction: In Brazil, bronchogenic carcinoma is the second more incident type of cancer in men, and the fourth in women. It is the leading cause of cancer mortality in the country. The aim of the present study is to assess the epidemiological profile of patients diagnosed with bronchogenic carcinoma seen in a high complexity oncology unit. Methods: This is a descriptive, observational, retrospective study with collection of secondary data and quantitative approach. The research was conducted in a high complexity oncology unit of a hospital in a municipality of the southernmost region of the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, using electronic medical records. The sample consisted of 90 patients from January 2015 to December 2017. All patients with malignant bronchogenic tumors aged 18 years or older were included in the sample, and 14 patients with incomplete medical charts were excluded. Results: Mean age at diagnosis was 62.39 ± 10.53 years. There was a slight predominance of men (58.9%). Smoking was present in 78,9% of patients, with a median of 40.0 packets/year. CT-guided percutaneous biopsy was the most used diagnostic method, being performed in 58.9% of the cases. With regard to histological type, 54.4% of patients presented adenocarcinoma. The most prevalent stage was IVA (42.2%). Conclusion: Screening methods and early diagnosis of neoplasm are extremely important, as well as encouraging patients to quit smoking, in order to reduce disease incidence and mortality.

Papel de la interleuquina-17 en procesos inflamatorios y patologías pulmonares / Role of interleukin-17 in inflammatory processes and pulmonary pathologies

Resumen Introducción: Cuatro de las diez principales causas de muerte en el mundo corresponden a patologías pulmonares donde las infecciones respiratorias se ubican en tercer lugar y a su vez son uno de los principales motivos de consulta médica. Por otro lado, la interleuquina IL-17 parece tener un papel importante en la inmunopatogénesis de un gran número de enfermedades, pues se ha descrito que niveles elevados en sangre periférica u otros fluidos corporales se relacionan con metástasis e infecciones. Diferente a patologías cutáneas e intestinales, donde el papel de la IL-17 se conoce con mayor detalle, en procesos pulmonares su rol es aún controversial. Objetivo: Describir conocimientos actuales sobre la función de la IL-17 en procesos inflamatorios y patologías locales pulmonares. Metodología de búsqueda: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica de artículos originales y revisiones de tema en los motores de búsqueda MEDLINE y Science Direct, de los cuales 50 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Conclusiones: Se encontró que la respuesta de IL-17 parece estar relacionada con buen pronóstico en el caso de algunas neumonías bacterianas. Igualmente, el bloqueo de la vía de señalización de la IL-17 en neoplasias pulmonares podría ser beneficioso y se considera como un potencial blanco terapéutico en estas condiciones, por lo que los estudios en este tema continúan siendo fundamentales para conocer mejor el verdadero rol de esta proteína en diversas condiciones patológicas del pulmón. MÉD.UIS.2021;34(1): 55-62.

Abstract Introduction: Four out of ten major causes of death in the world are due to pulmonary pathologies where respiratory infections are in third place and in turn, are one of the main reasons for medical consultation. Interleukin (IL)-17 seems to have an important role in the immunopathogenesis of many diseases. Elevated levels of IL-17 in peripheral blood or other body fluids have been reported to be associated with metastases and infections. Likewise, the role that IL-17 has in the skin and intestinal pathology is clearly known, however; its role within pulmonary pathologies is controversial yet. Objective: To describe the current knowledge on the role of IL-17 in inflammatory processes and pulmonary pathologies. Search Methodology: A bibliographic search of original and review papers was carried out in the MEDLINE and Science Direct database, in which 50 articles matched the inclusion criteria. Conclusions: The response involving IL-17 in the lung seems to be related to a good prognosis in the case of some bacterial pneumonia. Blocking the IL-17 signaling pathway in lung cancer could be beneficial and is considered as a potential therapeutic target under these conditions, so studies on this subject must be continued to better understand the true role of this protein in every pathologic lung condition. MÉD.UIS.2021;34(1): 55-62.

Carcinoma Pulmonar: estudio clínico patológico / Pulmonary carcinoma: clinical pathological study

Clasificar los carcinomas de pulmón según criterios establecidos por la OMS 2015 en biopsias de la sección de patología respiratoria del Instituto Anatomopatológico "Dr. José Antonio O`Daly" en el período enero 2006-diciembre 2016. Se realizó estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo, en el que se evaluaron todos los casos de carcinomas pulmonares recibidos entre enero 2006 diciembre 2016. La edad de presentación del carcinoma pulmonar fue 61 ± 11,45 años. Fue más frecuente en el sexo masculino 56,57 %. El tipo histológico más frecuente fue el adenocarcinoma 61,6 %. El adenocarcinoma el patrón predominantemente sólido fue el más constante 57,3 %, seguido de patrón predominantemente acinar 18,2 % y patrones mixtos. El carcinoma de células escamosas fue el segundo tipo más frecuente con 30,3 % de los casos representando el carcinoma de células escamosas poco diferenciado no queratinizante un 40 %. El carcinoma neuroendocrino fue el tercer tipo de carcinoma más común y el carcinoma de células pequeñas representó el 80 % de estos casos. Al menos 10,8 % de los casos fueron carcinomas no clasificables por necrosis o muestra escasa. Los casos previamente diagnosticados como adenocarcinoma poco diferenciado se corresponden con patrón sólido. Es importante el uso de inmunohistoquímica para el diagnóstico definitivo especialmente de adenocarcinoma patrón predominantemente sólido. El uso de la actual clasificación permite definir pronóstico y tratamiento personalizado(AU)

To classify the lung carcinomas according to criteria established by WHO 2015 in the biopsies of the section of respiratory pathology of the Anatomo Pathological Institute "Dr. José Antonio O`Daly" in the period January 2006 December 2016. A study will be carried out descriptive and retrospective, in which all cases of the pulmonary carcinomas received between January 2006 and December 2016 were evaluated. The age of presentation of the lung carcinoma was 61 ± 11.45 years old. It was more frequent in the male sex 56.57 %. The most frequent histological type was the adenocarcinoma 61.6 %. The predominantly solid adenocarcinoma pattern was the most constant 57.3 % followed by predominantly acinar pattern 18.2 % and the mixed patterns. The squamous cell carcinoma was the second most frequent type 30.3 %, and the poorly differentiated and non-keratinizing type was a 40 %. The neuroendocrine carcinoma was the third most common type of it the small cell carcinoma accounted an 80 %. At least 10.8 % of the cases were carcinomas unclassifiable due to necrosis or scarce sample. The cases previously diagnosed as poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma correspond to a solid pattern. The immunohistochemically use is important for the definitive diagnosis, especially for the adenocarcinoma predominantly solid pattern. The use of the current classification allowsdefining the prognosis and the personalized treatment(AU)

Metástasis infrecuentes en el carcinoma broncogénico / Uncommon metastases in bronchogenic carcinoma

Introducción: El pulmón es el órgano con mayor localización de enfermedad y mortalidad tumoral. En el momento del diagnóstico 55 por ciento de los casos presentan metástasis a distancia lo que implica un estadio avanzado de la enfermedad. Las metástasis cutáneas y en huesos distales de neoplasias internas son infrecuentes comparadas con las producidas en otras vísceras. La invasión cutánea puede presentarse por extensión directa de estructuras subyacentes y suelen asentar en la pared torácica anterior, por implantación accidental en maniobras diagnósticas, embolización vía linfática y por vía hematógena con posibles lesiones en zonas muy distantes y cuya aparición suele ser más precoz. Histológicamente, es el cáncer de pulmón indiferenciado el que con mayor frecuencia metastiza en la piel. Objetivo: Presentar dos casos con diagnóstico de carcinoma de pulmón células no pequeñas que desarrollaron metástasis en localizaciones infrecuentes. Presentación de los casos: Se presentan dos casos con metástasis infrecuentes de un carcinoma broncogénico. El primero a nivel nasal y el segundo en los metacarpianos y zonas blandas de la mano izquierda, ambas lesiones tumorales aparecieron en el curso del tratamiento oncológico para el cáncer del pulmón. El segundo caso fue tratado como una tendinitis y flebitis. Ambos casos evolucionaron hacia las metástasis múltiples y la muerte. Conclusiones: Se presentaron dos casos con metástasis infrecuente de un carcinoma de pulmón células no pequeñas, y aunque una vez diagnosticadas el pronóstico es malo a corto plazo, se deben de tener en cuenta para evitar diagnósticos y conductas erróneas(AU)

Introduction: The lung is the organ with the greatest location of disease and tumor mortality. At the time of diagnosis, 55 percent of the cases present distant metastases, which implies an advanced stage of the disease. Cutaneous and distal bone metastases from internal neoplasms are rare compared to those produced in other viscera. Cutaneous invasion can occur by direct extension of underlying structures and usually settle in the anterior chest wall, by accidental implantation in diagnostic maneuvers, lymphatic and hematogenous embolization with possible lesions in very distant areas and whose appearance is usually earlier. Histologically, it is undifferentiated lung cancer that most frequently metastasizes to the skin. Objective: To report two cases with a diagnosis of non-small cell lung carcinoma that developed metastases in infrequent locations. Case report: Two cases are reported with rare metastases from bronchogenic carcinoma. The first at the nasal level and the second in the metacarpals and soft areas of the left hand, both tumor lesions appeared in the course of oncological treatment for lung cancer. The second case was treated as tendinitis and phlebitis. Both cases progressed to multiple metastases and death. Conclusions: There were two cases with infrequent metastases of non-small cell lung carcinoma, and although once diagnosed the prognosis is poor in the short term, they should be taken into account to avoid misdiagnosis and misconduct(AU)

Panhipopituitarismo secundario a metástasis del sistema nervioso central por un adenocarcinoma broncogénico / Panhypopituitarism secondary to metastasis of the central nervous system due to a bronchogenic adenocarcinoma

Resumen Mujer de 45 años de edad con antecedente de extabaquismo pesado, cursó con cuadro crónico de cefalea en región occipital irradiado a región temporal asociado a disminución de la agudeza visual de ojo izquierdo. El cuadro empeoró en los últimos seis meses y se asoció a polidipsia y poliuria. Presentó cuadro sincopal con amnesia retrógrada, para lo cual se realizó una tomografía axial computarizada (TAC) contrastada de cráneo que mostró múltiples lesiones parenquimatosas cerebrales y del cerebelo compatibles con metástasis. Se hizo estudio hormonal para evaluar la función hipofisiaria evidenciando un panhipopituitarismo secundario. Se detectó foco primario neoplásico mediante TAC contrastada de tórax, evidenciando una lesión espiculada en el lóbulo superior derecho sugestiva de carcinoma broncogénico, posteriormente se tomó biopsia por fibrobroncoscopia el cual confirmó por histopatología e inmunohistoquímica el diagnóstico de un adenocarcinoma broncogénico. (Acta Med Colomb 2018; 43: 115-118).

Abstract A 45-year-old woman with a history of heavy extabaquism presented with chronic headache in the occipital region irradiated to the temporal region associated with decreased visual acuity of the left eye. The picture worsened in the last six months and was associated with polydipsia and polyuria. She presented a syncopal picture with retrograde amnesia, for which a contrast computed tomography (CT) of the skull was performed, which showed multiple parenchymal brain and cerebellar lesions compatible with metastasis. Hormonal study was done to evaluate the hypophyseal function evidencing a secondary panhypopituitarism. A primary neoplastic focus was detected by a contrast chest CT scan, showing a spiculated lesion in the right upper lobe suggestive of bronchogenic carcinoma. A biopsy was subsequently taken by fibrobronchoscopy, which confirmed the diagnosis of a bronchogenic adenocarcinoma by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. (Acta Med Colomb 2018; 43: 115-118).

A Case of Primary Lung Cancer Mistaken for Pulmonary Metastasis of Renal Cell Carcinoma / 대한내과학회지

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is rare relative to other urological cancers, but relatively common overall among males. Even when primary tumors are successfully removed by surgery, metastases are often noted within a few years. On the other hand, masses found at other sites in patients with RCC may represent different primary cancers. We present the case of a 63-year-old man with a right lung mass and a left lung nodule who underwent radical right nephrectomy for RCC. We found no local recurrence of RCC in the abdomen. Despite treatment for RCC, the right lung mass increased in size. We performed a lung needle biopsy and diagnosed primary lung cancer. Postoperatively, the remaining left lung nodule also increased in size. It was diagnosed as an RCC metastasis upon biopsy and removed by wedge resection. The patient was treated with everolimus after the second surgery.

Les cancers broncho-pulmonaires primitifs à Ouagadougou

Le cancer bronchique primitif est la deuxieme cause de mortalite dans le monde apres les pathologies cardiovasculaires. En Afrique; l'introduction de l'endoscopie a entraine l'augmentation de son 'incidence. Pour avoir une recente idee sur cette affection; nous avons decide de mener une etude retrospective et descriptive a Ouagadougou du 1er janvier 2002 au 31 decembre 2011. Ainsi avons-nous observe une preponderance masculine et un age moyen de 58 ans. La consommation moyenne de tabac a ete evaluee a 15 paquets-annee. Il y avait une predominance de l'atteinte de l'arbre bronchique droit et du carcinome epidermoide. La place du tabagisme a encore ete confirmee comme facteur etiologique

Clinico-pathological profile of bronchogenic carcinoma cases presented to Chest Department, Cairo University in the last 10 years

Introduction: Lung cancer was the most commonly diagnosed cancer as well as the leading cause of cancer death in males in 2008 globally

Aim of the work: To evaluate the clinico-pathological profile of the bronchogenic carcinoma cases in the Chest Department, Cairo University

Patients and methods: Retrospective study was carried out in the Chest Department, Cairo University, in which four hundred and four confirmed cases of bronchogenic carcinoma were admitted during July 2002 till July 2012. Data regarding demographics, smoking, histology, clinical presentation, radiographic findings are reported

Results: Our study included 404 confirmed cases of bronchogenic carcinoma. Male to female ratio was 4.6:1. The highest incidence was in the sixth and seventh decades of life [63.6%]. Smoking was found to be the main risk factor in 75.7% of patients. Cough was the most common symptom found in 347 patients [85.9%], followed by dyspnea in 276 patients [68.3%]. Most common radiological finding was mass lesion [49.8%]. Majority of cases were diagnosed by bronchoscopy [68.1%]. Four types of bronchogenic carcinoma were found: squamous cell carcinoma 37.4% adenocarcinoma 29.5%, small cell carcinoma 14.9%, large cell carcinoma 7.2% and undifferentiated carcinoma 11.1%. In females, adenocarcinoma was the predominant cell type [54.2%] while in males, squamous cell carcinoma was the predominant cell type [42.5%]

Conclusion: Bronchogenic carcinoma is more frequent beyond the middle age. Smoking is still the major risk factor. Adenocarcinoma is more common in females and was the most frequent tumor in non-smokers, while in males, squamous cell carcinoma is still the predominant cell type

Endobronchial ultrasonography for lung cancer staging in negative mediastinum on computed tomography

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer -related deaths. Chest CT scan is fre-quently unreliable in staging mediastinal lymph node metastases of lung cancer, since interpretation relies on lesion size. EBUS offers a unique way of imaging and parabronchial structures. The pro-cedure is safe, minimally invasive and does not require general anesthesia or hospitalization. The complication rate is extremely low. This study was conducted on eleven patients who were found without CT evidence of enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes. Bronchoscopy and EBUS were performed for the diagnosis of lung cancer. TBLB of detected mediastinal lymph nodes was performed. CT guided biopsies were done for non-diagnosed cases. In this study bronchogenic carcinoma was diagnosed by bronchoscopic biopsy in 6 cases [54.5%], by EBUS-TBNA in 2 cases [18.2%], and by CT guided biopsy in 3 cases [27.3%]. From the eleven patients with negative CT scan, EBUS of mediastinal L.N was positive in four cases [36.4%]. The first case showed 2 small subcarinal L.N station [7] and 2 right hilar lymph node stations[10R]. In the second case EBUS detected 2 subcarinal lymph node stations [7] and one left hilar station [10L] In the third case there was one subcarinal lymph node station [7]. The fourth case showed a left hilar lymph node station [10L]. EBUS is safe and minimally invasive technique in the detection of mediastinal lymph metastasis. EBUS in combination with conventional radiologic tools may contribute to improve diagnosis and staging of lung cancer

Povidone-iodine versus bleomycin pleurodesis for malignant effusion in bronchogenic cancer guided by thoracic echography

This study was designed to compare effectiveness of intra-pleural instillation of bleomycin with instillation of povidone-iodine for control of malignant pleural effusion among patients with non-small cell lung cancer, guided by results of thoracic echography. Fifty one patients had the possibility of full lung expansion. Drainage of the effusion was followed by instillation of bleomycin or povidone- iodine through the thoracostomy tube. Four weeks after discharge, thoracic echography was performed and repeated 4 weeks later. Follow-up ranged between 4-32 months [mean: 21 + 3.5 months]. We received 79 patients with malignant pleural effusion as stage IV non-small cell lung cancer during the last four years. Seventeen patients had centrally-located tumors with persistent lung atelectasis. lntra-pleural injection of streptokinase to breakdown intra-pleural fibrinous adhesions, was carried out in 9 cases; and was successful in 6 cases 66% [6/9]. Finally, 54 patients had an evidence of possible lung expansion but three died before pleurodesis. Thus, 51 patients received intrapleural instillation of bleomycin or povidone-iodine in a randomized prospective comparative study. Among bleomycin group [no.=26]. echography showed excellent pleurodesis [no.= 21], effective pleurodesis [no.= 2] with one or two areas of free mobility and one area of fluid component, weak pleurodesis [no.= 3] with three areas of free lung movement [lung sliding sign] and areas of fluid component. Among povidone-iodine group [no.=25] excellent pleurodesis [no.=20], effective [no.=2] and weak pleurodesis.[no.=3]. The six cases with weak pleurodesis in both groups were those who had streptokinase before pleurodesis. Complications and hospital stay were comparable for both groups. Chest x-ray proved recurrence of effusion in the six cases with weak pleurodesis after symptom-free intervals that varied between 4 and 6 weeks among these 6 patients. Both bleomycin and povidone-iodine produced comparable excellent and effective pleurodesis among patients with malignant pleural effusion. The cost is much lower with povidone-iodine.

level of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid prostaglandine E2; is it diagnostic of bronchogenic carcinoma?

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States. Cigarette smoking is the number one risk factor for lung cancer. It causes about 90% of lung cancers [14]. Evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage level of PGE2 in patients with primary bronchogenic carcinoma. The study was conducted on forty subjects; including twenty patients with bronchogenic carcinoma, ten patients with non-malignant lesions, and ten healthy control subjects. All subjects were submitted to fiberoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage was done and examined for prostaglandin E2. The PGE2 level was significantly higher in BALF of group III [malignant group] compared to group I and II, with no significant difference between group I and group II. The cut- off value of PGE2 was 45.63 pg/ml with minimal overlap between malignant and benign lesions. Bronchoalveolar lavage level of PGE2 was significantly increased in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma

[Diagnostic yield of tran bronchial needle aspiration in mediastinal adenopathies]

Transbronchial needle aspiration [TBNA] is a minimally invasive alternative technique for evaluating mediastinal adenopathies. Transbronchial needle aspiration has proved its efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness in diagnosing and staging bronchogenic carcinoma as well as in diagnosing benign diseases such as sarcoidosis and tuberculosis. To evaluate the diagnostic yield of transbronchial needle aspiration in mediastinal adenopathies. The final diagnosis was evaluated for 122 patients investigated in division of chest diseases in Internal Medicine in Al-mowassat Hospital, Damascus University. Age of patients ranges 18-74 years.The technique was performed in cases of mediestinale denopathies confirmed by chest CT and non diagnosed by other procedures. we used standard flexible bronchoscopy model Olympus with 21 gauge needle for cytological examination. All patients had simple chest X.Ray and chest CT. 55 cases diagnosed by TBNA out of 99 cases [55,55%], 52 cases were malignant, and 3 cases were benign. . Diagnosis included: 41 cases carcinoma [26 NSCC, 14 SCC, 1 metastase], 8 lymphoma, 2 malignancy, 1 thymoma. Transpronchial needle aspiration was negative in 29 cases of malignancy confirmed by other procedures. 23 cases dropped because of inadecuate penetration [7 cases], discharged against medical advise [6 cases] and inadecuate information [10 cases]. 18 cases were benign, 3 cases of theme diagnosed by TBNA [16,66%]. This study demonstrate that TBNA is a minimally invasive diagnostic technique with a high yield in the diagnosis of mediastinal adenopathies. Malignancy and type of malignancy are major determinants of TBNA yield. TBNA based on CT should be considered an integral part of the bronchoscopic examination when evaluating patients for mediastinal adenopathies

[ management of bronchial carcinoid]

Bronchial Carcinoid tumors account 1-2% for all lung malignancies, and [WHO] described two different groups of carcinoid tumors: typical carcinoid [TC] and atypical carcinoid [AC]. This study demonstrates the experience of Alassad university hospital in Damascus with patients treated surgically for typical and atypical carcinoid tumors of the Lung. We retrospectively reviewed data of 60 patient who underwent surgery for carcinoid tumor from [1993-2010] in the department of thoracic surgery in Alassad university hospital, Several variables were reviewed in all patient. There were 60 cases of pulmonary carcinoid tumors 53 typical carcinod 88.33% and 7 atypical 11.66%. There were 22 female 36.66% and 38 male 63.33% with median age of 42 years, and the ratio of carcinoid tumors to other primary lung cancer was 3,3%. Surgery consisted of 39 formal lung resection 19 lobectomies 31.66%, 12 bilobectomies 20%, 9 pneumonectomy 15%,18 sleeve or bronchoplastic resection 30%.there were lymph node involvement in 9 patients 16%, 7 ipsilateral hilar lymph -nodes N1 and 2 ipsilateral mediastinal lymph node N2. No perioperative mortality occurred, and the overall 5 year survival was 100%. Pulmonary carcinoid is an uncommon tumor, and typical carcinoid is more common than atypical, Parenchyma-sparing procedures are the treatment of choice with excellent long term survival.

Plásticas bronquiales como alternativa terapéutica en lesiones centrales / Bronchoplastic as a therapeutic alternative in central lesions

Introducción: Los procedimientos broncoplásticos son útiles en lesiones de localización central. El objetivo es describir la serie de plásticas bronquiales realizadas por el mismoequipo quirúrgico en dos centros de Argentina. Pacientes y métodos: 54 plásticas bronquiales realizadas desde enero de 1978 hasta diciembre del 2009 fueron analizadas. Las lesiones fueron categorizadas como benignas,de bajo y alto grado de malignidad para el análisis. Resultados: Se practicaron 29 lobectomías asociadas a plástica bronquial (54%), 21 resecciones en manguito (39%) y 4 lobectomías asociadas a plástica bronquial y arterial(7%). El promedio de edad de los pacientes con lesiones de bajo grado de malignidad es significativamente menor (34 años vs 53 p=0.0025), mientras que la prevalencia del sexo masculino (37.5% vs 75%, p=0.051), el antecedente de tabaquismo (31% vs 75%, p=0.002) y el número de plásticas vasculares (2.5% vs 37.5%, p=0.002) fue mayor entre los carcinomas. El riesgo de muerte fue 9 veces mayor entre los carcinomas (HR8.64, IC 95% 1.6-47.7, p=0.013), sin diferencias significativas en la supervivencia a 5 años y 10 años entre los dos grupos. Conclusiones: los procedimientos broncoplásticos permiten una resección oncológicaviable con preservación de parénquima pulmonar sin afectar la supervivencia alejada.

Introduction: bronchoplastic procedures are useful in tumours of central location.The aim of this study is to describe the range of bronchoplastic procedures performed by the same surgical team at two centers in Argentina. Patients and methods: The study included 54 bronchoplastic therapies made fromJanuary 1978 through December 2009. The lesions were classified as benign, low grade of malignancy and high grade of malignancy. Results: 29 sleeve lobectomies (54%), 21 sleeve resections (39%) and 4 lobectomieswith bronchovascular plastic procedures (7%) were performed. The mean age ofpatients with low grade of malignancy was significantly lower (34 years vs. 53 years; p = 0.0025), whereas male prevalence (37.5% vs 75%, p = 0.051), smoking habit history (31% vs 75%, p = 0.002) and number of bronchovascular plastic procedures(2.5% vs 37.5%, p = 0.002) was higher in cases of high grade of malignancy. The risk of death was 9 times higher in these patients (HR 8.64, 95% CI 1.6-47.7, p = 0.013) but no significant differences in survival at 5 and 10 years between the twogroups were observed. Conclusions: bronchoplastic procedures allow oncologic resection with preservationof lung parenchyma without affecting survival.

Variación histológica y pronóstico del carcinoma mucoepidermoide pulmonar / Histology variation and prognosis of pulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma

Introducción: El carcinoma mucoepidermoide pulmonares un tumor relativamente raro bien definido, que seorigina en las glándulas serosas del epitelio traqueo bronquialy se caracteriza por la coexistencia de tres tipos de células:células epidermoides, mucosecretantes e intermedias,con lo cual se establecen distintos grados histológicos, queguardan relación estrecha con el pronóstico. Objetivos: Sepresentan dos casos de carcinoma mucoepidermoide, haciendoespecial énfasis en la forma de presentación, tipohistológico y tratamiento instaurado. Resultados: Dos mujeresde 46 y 21 años sin patologías previas, la primera pacientepresento neumonía a repetición acompañado de tos yhemoptisis intermitente a diferencia de la segunda que consultapor dolor torácico acompañado de disfonía y disfagia.La fibrobroncoscopia en ambos casos demostró presenciade obstrucción (tumor) endobronquial. En la TAC de Tóraxse evidencia atelectasia en el primer caso e infiltrado micronodulillarcon adenopatías en el segundo caso. Las dospacientes fueron sometidas a cirugías, logrando reseccióntumoral por toracotomía en el primer caso, en el segundocaso se realizó la toracoscopia diagnóstica encontrándosepatología avanzada por lo que va a tratamiento paliativo.Conclusión: El carcinoma mucoepidermoide pulmonar espoco frecuente. La sintomatología en la mayoría de los casosasemeja a una neumonía a repetición, donde la radiologíay la endoscopía bronquial pueden hacer el diagnóstico.El tratamiento y sobretodo el pronóstico dependerá del gradode diferenciación histológica, pudiendo asociarse luegode la exéresis quirúrgica a tratamientos complementarioscomo la quimio y/o radioterapia.

Aspectos tomográficos e anatomopatológicos do padrão de pavimentação em mosaico / Tomographic and pathological findings of crazy-paving pattern

OBJETIVO: Relatar os aspectos na tomografia computadorizada de alta resolução de diversas doenças que cursam com o padrão tomográfico de "pavimentação em mosaico". MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram estudados sete pacientes, com diagnósticos de proteinose alveolar, carcinoma bronquíolo-alveolar, pneumonia lipídica e pneumocistose, e é discutida a correlação dos aspectos tomográficos com os achados anatomopatológicos. RESULTADOS: Nos casos de pneumocistose, os espaços alveolares estavam cheios de material espumoso, no qual eram encontrados parasitas de permeio a surfactante, fibrina e restos celulares. Nos casos de carcinoma bronquíolo-alveolar, os septos estavam espessados por fibrose ou por linfangite associada, com células tumorais revestindo internamente as paredes alveolares, e produção de muco. No paciente com proteinose alveolar foram observados septos espessados por edema, com enchimento alveolar determinado por material lipoproteico. No paciente com aspiração de óleo mineral, os achados histopatológicos foram de espessamento dos septos alveolares determinado por proliferação celular, observando-se vacúolos de gordura no interior dos septos alveolares. CONCLUSÃO: O padrão de pavimentação em mosaico oferece um amplo diagnóstico diferencial, necessitando ser avaliado em conjunto com os dados clínicos.

OBJECTIVE: To describe high-resolution computed tomography findings in several diseases that run their course with the "crazy-paving" pattern. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study has evaluated seven patients with diagnoses of alveolar proteinosis, bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, lipoid pneumonia and pneumocystosis, correlating tomographic and pathological findings. RESULTS: In the cases of pneumocystosis, the alveolar spaces were filled with foamy material where parasitic organisms intermingled with surfactants, fibrin and cell debris were observed. In the cases of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, the septa were thickened by associated fibrosis or lymphangitis, with the alveolar walls internally lined with tumor cells, and production of mucus. In the patient with alveolar proteinosis, the septa were thickened by edema, with alveolar filling determined by lipoprotein. In the patient with mineral oil aspiration, the histopathological findings included alveolar septa thickening caused by cell proliferation, with presence of fat vacuoles in alveolar septa. CONCLUSION: The crazy-paving pattern offers a wide range of differential diagnoses and must be evaluated in conjunction with clinical findings.

Captación de FDG en musculatura respiratoria en un paciente con EPOC tipo enfisema / Respiratory muscles uptake of 18F-FDG in a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Presentamos el caso de un paciente diagnosticado de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) tipo enfisema, que en TAC torácico mostraba una masa pulmonar derecha. Ante la duda de su etiología benigna o maligna, se realiza un estudio PET-18FDG. En éste se confirma la malignidad de dicha lesión, apreciándose simultáneamente un importante aumento de captación de la 18FDG que delimita la región costal bilateralmente y el diafragma, correspondientes a la musculatura respiratoria. Dicho hallazgo, aunque no es frecuentemente observable, ha de tenerse presente al interpretar las imágenes en pacientes que realizan esfuerzo continuado de la musculatura respiratoria para mantener el ritmo ventilatorio.

We present the case of a patient diagnosed of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) emphysema type, showing a right lung mass oHn thorax CT. To evaluate eventual malignant etiology, a 18FDG -PET scan was performed. The study was consistent with a malignant lesion but showed also increased 18F-FDG uptake shaping the rib cage bilaterally and the diaphragm, corresponding to respiratory muscles. Although this pattern is not frequently found, we have to bear it in mind in the interpretation of images from patients with continuous effort of respiratory muscles in order to maintain the respiratory rhythm.

Stenting of the Superior Vena Cava and Left Brachiocephalic Vein with Preserving the Central Venous Catheter in Situ

Stenting of the central veins is well established for treating localized venous stenosis. The techniques regarding catheter preservation for central venous catheters in the superior vena cava have been described. We describe here a method for stent implantation in the superior vena cava and the left brachiocephalic vein, and principally via a single jugular venous puncture, while saving a left sided jugular central venous catheter in a patient suffering from central venous stenosis of the superior vena cava and the left brachiocephalic vein.

Carinal Reconstruction and Sleeve Right Upper Lobectomy Assisted with Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenator for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: A case report

Bronchogenic carcinoma involving the carina has remained a challenging problem for thoracic surgeons. Carinal resection and reconstruction is limitedly indicated because this aggressive surgical approach has been reported to be associated with significant morbidity and mortality while long-term outcome has not been determined. Wesuccessfully performed carinal reconstruction and sleeve right upper lobectomy assisted with ECMO for a 60-year-old male with squamous cell carcinoma in the right upper lobe extending to the carina.